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In Matt Reeves\u2019 new film The Batman<\/em>, Thomas Wayne, Bruce Wayne\u2019s father, sets up a public works fund of $1 billion for basic infrastructural needs and deserving charities. Back in Christopher Nolan\u2019s Batman Begins<\/em>, Thomas had built an affordable transit system for the low-income residents of Gotham.<\/p>\n In reality, social planners can efficiently influence crimes rates by changing the physical environment, rather than with more enforcement and incarceration. If a crime happens, the victim suffers some costs, then some others arrest the perpetrator, adjudicate them, and punish them. That\u2019s very expensive for a lot of people, including the taxpayers. To dissuade people from offending in the first place is a lot cheaper. Typically, before a crime, an offender\u2019s thinking about the next 10 minutes, rather than the next 10 years \u2014 not thinking about the risk of punishment. So structuring the environment to reduce crime is more effective than the threat punishing a potential criminal.<\/p>\n