{"id":30669,"date":"2022-04-12T11:29:59","date_gmt":"2022-04-12T11:29:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/?p=30669"},"modified":"2022-04-12T11:29:59","modified_gmt":"2022-04-12T11:29:59","slug":"what-happens-when-jurors-are-disproportionately-white-not-justice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/2022\/04\/12\/what-happens-when-jurors-are-disproportionately-white-not-justice\/","title":{"rendered":"What happens when jurors are disproportionately white? Not justice."},"content":{"rendered":"<p> [ad_1]<\/p>\n<div>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">Racial injustice and police brutality have rightfully been front-and-center in the nationwide discussion about the inherent unfairness of our legal system. Racism infects <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/graphics\/2020\/opinions\/systemic-racism-police-evidence-criminal-justice-system\/\" rel=\"noopener\">all aspects<\/a> of that system. As we continue to grapple with issues of systemic racism, it is important to shine a light on one of the low-hanging fruit of racial injustice: the jury box, and the fact that those who sit in it are rarely a true cross section of the community.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">Unfortunately, in ensuring racial equity in jury selection, Massachusetts lags behind. A 1994 report by a commission impaneled by the Supreme Judicial Court <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/masslawyersweekly.com\/1994\/10\/03\/sjcs-final-report-on-racial-and-ethnic-bias\/\" rel=\"noopener\">to study racial and ethnic bias in the courts<\/a> found that \u201cminorities are underrepresented on juries\u201d in Massachusetts. Almost 30 years later, this problem endures. During the last few years, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dotnews.com\/2018\/citing-jury-selection-bias-sjc-overturns-dot-murder-convictions\" rel=\"noopener\">multiple<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.universalhub.com\/2018\/second-time-three-weeks-court-overturns-dorchester\" rel=\"noopener\">convictions<\/a> have been reversed by the SJC based on allegations of racial bias in jury selection \u2014 prosecutors removing jurors of color at higher rates than white jurors. More broadly, data from trial courts show that seated jurors are not only predominantly white; they are <i>disproportionately<\/i> white.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">For example, from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/office-of-jury-commissioner-2021-q3-demographics\/download\" rel=\"noopener\">January through September 2021<\/a>, white people made up 71 percent of the population but 81 percent of impaneled jurors. In both absolute and comparative terms, white people are substantially more likely to be part of the jury than they would be if they were proportionally represented. Latinx and Asian American<b> <\/b>residents, on the other hand, are far less likely to be jurors relative to their representation in the state, as the Trial Court\u2019s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mass.gov\/doc\/fy-2019-annual-report-for-the-court-system\/download#page=30\" rel=\"noopener\">own data<\/a> show.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"newsletter | align_items_center border_bottom border_gray border_top border_1&#10;          container  column--mobile flex font_primary margin_vertical_32 padding_vertical_24 width_full\">\n<p><span class=\"title | bold font_secondary margin_bottom\">Get Weekend Reads from Ideas<\/span><span>A weekly newsletter from the Boston Globe Ideas section, forged at the intersection of &#8216;what if&#8217; and &#8216;why not.&#8217;<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">This is not without consequence. In addition to the fundamental injustice of removing jurors based upon their race \u2014 which tasks disproportionately white juries to decide the fate of defendants who are <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hls.harvard.edu\/content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Massachusetts-Racial-Disparity-Report-FINAL.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">disproportionately people of color<\/a> \u2014 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apa.org\/pubs\/journals\/releases\/psp-904597.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">research<\/a> makes clear that diverse juries are better juries. When compared with racially diverse juries, all-white juries engage in lower-quality deliberations, are more likely to make factual errors and to be racially biased, and are less likely to be perceived by the public as fair and impartial. That unfairness echoes far beyond the cases that go to trial.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">What can Massachusetts do to remove the stain of racial prejudice from jury selection?<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">It\u2019s a matter of both personnel and policy. This year, the Commonwealth will see (at least) three new district attorneys elected. Voters need to insist that these DAs pledge to stop the practice of prosecutors routinely using courtroom strategies designed to strike people of color from juries. They should also adopt practices used in other states that can increase the diversity of the jury pool. And they should hire line prosecutors from diverse backgrounds who would be loathe to continue the disproportionate removal of jurors of color.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">The judiciary should embark on its own noble campaign. Jeffrey A. Locke, the new chief justice of the Trial Court, should prioritize racial justice in all aspects of the operation of the trial court, especially jury selection.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">Furthermore, there are policy options Massachusetts should consider. First, the Legislature should pass <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/malegislature.gov\/Bills\/192\/S918\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 918<\/a>, which would disallow peremptory strikes \u2014 allowing either side to eliminate jurors for any reason \u2014 on grounds that they are highly correlated with race. For example, prosecutors would no longer be able to strike jurors because they distrust law enforcement or have a close relationship with people who have been convicted of crime. Although litigants cannot exercise peremptory strikes because of a juror\u2019s race, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/harvardlpr.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/20\/2013\/05\/4.1_8_Bennett.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\">implicit bias<\/a> is rampant in jury selection and permitting strikes based on these sorts of \u201crace-neutral\u201d reasons virtually guarantees that jurors of color will be removed more often than their white peers. Arizona has <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2021\/09\/06\/1034556234\/arizonas-supreme-court-eliminates-peremptory-challenges\" rel=\"noopener\">eliminated peremptory strikes<\/a> altogether; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB3070\" rel=\"noopener\">California<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aclu.org\/press-releases\/washington-supreme-court-first-nation-adopt-rule-reduce-implicit-racial-bias-jury\" rel=\"noopener\">Washington<\/a> have offered a similar list of facially \u201crace-neutral\u201d reasons that cannot be used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">Second, Massachusetts must eliminate categorical bans from jury service that have a disparate impact on people of color. Massachusetts currently imposes a seven-year ban on jury service for anyone convicted of a felony, and it disallows noncitizens from serving on juries altogether. Both bans are unjustified, eliminating potential jurors with unique and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/blog\/57671\/truly-diverse-juries-must-include-citizens-with-prior-criminal-convictions\/\" rel=\"noopener\">valuable perspectives<\/a> to offer and also <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wctrib.com\/news\/minnesota-jurors-must-speak-english-some-worry-thats-a-proxy-for-race-in-jury-selection\" rel=\"noopener\">skewing the racial composition<\/a> of juries. In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.mainelaw.maine.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1661&amp;context=mlr#:~:text=Maine%20is%20the%20only%20jurisdiction,their%20normal%20jury%20selection%20procedures.\" rel=\"noopener\">Maine<\/a>, people are excluded from jury service only while they are incarcerated. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cga.ct.gov\/2021\/ACT\/PA\/PDF\/2021PA-00170-R00HB-06548-PA.PDF\" rel=\"noopener\">Connecticut<\/a> now requires noncitizens who are lawful permanent residents to participate in jury service.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\">A person should never be removed from jury service because of their race, either explicitly or implicitly. But systemic bias in Massachusetts\u2019 criminal legal system continues to cause racial disparities in the makeup of juries. Thankfully, there are simple, no-cost steps that leaders can take, with huge benefits in terms of equity and accuracy in Massachusetts court outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"paragraph | gutter_20_0\"><span class=\"html-render\"><i>Geraldine S. Hines is a former associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Sandra Susan Smith is a professor of criminal justice and faculty director of the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management at the Harvard Kennedy School. Nina Chernoff is a professor at the CUNY School of Law.<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[ad_2]<br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bostonglobe.com\/2022\/04\/12\/opinion\/what-happens-when-jurors-are-disproportionately-white-not-justice\/\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[ad_1] Racial injustice and police brutality have rightfully been front-and-center in the nationwide discussion about&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30670,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30669","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30669","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30669"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30669\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30671,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30669\/revisions\/30671"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30669"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30669"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cjstudents.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30669"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}